The Human Body

The human body is strong, flexible and has a framework of 206 bones that support the body and protects internal organs.  The bones f the skeleton joints to permit a wide range of body movements. These bones come in many shapes and sizes, each adapted to perform specific functions.  The breastbone is a flat plate of bones that help protect the heart and lungs in the chest.  The fused bones of the skull safely encase the brain and protect it.  The short, delicate bones in the wrist and hands enhance dexterity, providing considerable flexibility for small, precise motion.  The long, heavy bones of the legs serve as strong levers for powerful or speedy movement.  In addition to the structural and mechanical function, the bones of the skeleton store calcium, a mineral essential for the activity of nerve and muscle cells.  The soft core of the bones, called the bone marrow, is the site where red blood cells, certain white blood cells, and blood platelet’s form.  The skeletal body bound together by tough and relatively inelastic connective tissues called ligaments, form voluntary movement which is caused by nerve impulses arising in the motor cortex area of the brain and carried by cranial nerves that emerge from the spinal cord to connect with the skeletal muscles.

A single division of the autonomic nervous system may both excite and inhibit a single effector.  The two nervous systems are not always antagonistic.  The sympathetic system supplies to the blood vessels of skeletal muscle.  The sweat glands, the smooth muscle of the spleen, and the blood vessels of the skin and skeletal muscles are actuated only by the sympathetic division.  The reaction involves both excitation of nerve cells stimulating the muscles involved and inhibition of the cells that stimulate opposing muscles.  A nerve impulse is an electrical change within a nerve cell or fiber, measured in milli volts, it lasts a few milli seconds and can be recorded by electrodes.  A small fraction of the total number of fibers in most muscles is usually contracting.  This serves to maintain the posture of a limb and enables the limb to resist passive elongation or stretch. This slight continuous contraction is called muscle tone.    Which is a form of physical fitness program that you need in order to build body mucels and they don’t need to be strenuous ones. 

Ears and hearing
The Egyptians knew that ears hear but they also thought that ears are involved in breathing.  The outer ear consists of the ear flap and the audio canal.  The middle ear contains the eardrum and three tiny bones the ossicle’s.  The inner ear comprises the snail shaped cochlea semicircular canals and other fluid filled chambers.  The ear drum marks the divide between the outer ear and the middle ear.  Hearing airborne sound waves funnel into the auditory canal and strike the eardrum making it vibrate back and forth.  These vibrations pass along the three tiny ear ossicles linked by miniature joints which shake, in turn the third ossicles path of the cochleas membrane, in the spiral organ of Corti, shakes in sympathy with the vibrations.  This shaking pulls microscopic hairs on cells in the membrane, which generates nerve signals which flash along the cochlear nerve to the brain.  Either side of the eardrum can equalize allowing the eardrum to vibrate.  The tensor tympani and stapedius.  These muscles contrac (Corti) more than 15,000 hair bearing cells are in rows along its base membrane.  Different areas of hair cells produce nerve signals when vibrated by high or low frequencies in the fluid around them, from high or low pitched sounds.

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Components of the human Cell:

The components are:

Microvilli - Cellular membranes or cytoplasm - semi permeable cells covering through which exchanges take place between the interior of the cell and the external environment.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum - Micro filaments - fine threads of protein linked to the internal currents of the cell and responsible for contracting muscular fibers.
Vacuoles - Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - system of membranes and channels that aid the transport of substances within the cell.

Nuclear membrane - Golgi apparatus - a series of small sacs and tubules responsible for transforming transporting and eliminating the chemical products that are required for cellular activity; they are the cell's “production line”.
Cytoplasm - Nucleolus - A small, spherical body contained in the nucleus that sends messages to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm to produce more protein.
Nucleus - Mitochondrion - organelle with an extended partitioned form in which the combustion of nutrients takes place; this is the power source of the cell
Microtubules - Lysosome - small sac containing enzymes responsible for digesting food and breaking down cell residues
Centrioles - Ribosome - grain shaped organelle responsible for making proteins

Human cells are eukaryotic cells since they consist of a nucleus separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane. This substance is found throughout the nucleus in the form of chromatin while the cell is nonactive but condenses and forms stick shaped chromosomes when the cell divides.

Digestive System:
The digestive system has an extremely important function.  It is responsible for transforming the food we eat each day so that the body can obtain the energy and nutritional elements it needs to create and maintain its tissues and ensure that its metabolism and various vital functions can operate correctly.  The small intestine is where the main effect in the digestive process take place.  Here food is submitted to the action of enzymes that come form the liver, the pancreas, and the mucous membrane of the small intestine itself.  These enzymes break down the food into more basic elements.  The pancreas is a gland attached to the digestive tract.  It produces a secretion that is rich in enzymes whose task is to break down food.  The pancreas also forms part of the endocrine system because it produces important hormones such as insulin.  The largest part, the head, is attached to the duodenum, into which it empties digestive secretions.  The Liver is a gland linked to the digestive system.  The liver carries out various functions that are essential for metabolism, it produces bile, a vital secretion required for digesting fats. 

Involved in the digestive process are the co-enzymes, hormones special proteins and their trace elements.  The Enzymes, hormones, and special proteins are very important in how they influence our body chemistry.  The reason they are so significant is that dietary deficiencies of any chemical element needed by them usually have a drastic impact on health.  All these are made of chemical elements.  These include metallic and sometimes nonmetallic elements.  These elements especially trace elements often play a key role in most but not all enzymes, hormones and special proteins.  Special proteins, like hemoglobin, which uses iron to carry oxygen to cells and ceruloplasmin a copper-carrying protein that scavenges free radicals and liberates iron form storage sites.  We need to know that when key elemental deficiencies are used against infection and disease, we are interfering with oxygen supplies to the cells.  

Metals common in enzymes include calcium, cobalt (B12), copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, potassium sodium, tungsten, and zinc. 

Nonmetals in enzymes, hormones, and other proteins include sulfur (as part of three common amino acids) and phosphate in phosphoprotein, nucleic acids and proteins called “hormonal second messengers.

Body chemistry has reached a stage of complexity and depth that demonstrates the extreme importance of developing better nutrition.  We need to know that 70 percent of all enzymes in living organisms contain metallic elements, and some of the remaining 30 percent require metallic elements that are not actually part of the enzyme to be present to activate them.  It is sufficient for you to know that both are essential and that people like you and me are seldom deficient in either of them. 

Enzymes are protein molecules in plants animals and people that make life processes happen by acting as change agents in the millions of biochemical reactions that take place in the body every fraction of a second.  Enzymes break down molecules and build up new ones. They detoxify poisons and other harmful substances. They act as antioxidants, create energy, protect and repair DNA, make neurotransmitters and create the fifty thousand different proteins we have in our bodies they take part in immune system functions assist in forming red and white blood cells, and help us digest our food.  They transfer electrons, carry oxygen, act as cell messengers interact with nucleic acids and partner with water-soluble vitamins in getting enzymes to do special tasks.  They seem to play key roles in activating enzymes, either as part of the actual molecular structure of the enzyme or by bonding to the substance (called a substrate) the enzyme is going to connect with and change.

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Enzymes are everywhere.  The interesting thing about them is that they make changes without being changed themselves.  They can change the rate of body chemical reactions without an outside energy source. 

Metallic elements (and sometimes vitamins) function as coenzymes in certain chemical reactions or else they may be required to activate an enzyme that they are not actually a part of. 

Enzymes already exist in the foods we eat; whether cooked or raw; they do not help us digest those foods after we eat them.  We hear a lot about the nutritional value of enzymes in raw foods, as if those enzymes could join our own digestive juices and help us to digest the very food they came in.  Cooking destroys most enzymes, while raw food enzymes operate at a different temperature and pH than our own digestive enzymes.  As the food reaches the stomach, it encounters hydrochloric acid and pepsin.  Water, simple sugars, salt, and dissolved crystalloid minerals are immediately absorbed.  The hydrochloric acid in the stomach, although very strong, has little effect on protein; however, it forms a strong acidic environment in which pepsin breaks down proteins very efficiently. Certain enzymes are programmed to be efficient at specific levels of pH (and not at others), so the enzymes that work well at the upper end of the small intestine do not work well at the lower end where the pH is either neutral or tending toward alkalinity.

Emphasizum on that enzymes are very environment sensitive and appear to be fine-tuned to work well at very specific body locations.  Most bowel enzymes need a neutral pH environment to break down foods.  Bile is released into the small intestine along with the pancreatic juice.  Bile emulsifies fats to make them easier for lipase enzymes to break down so they can be assimilated through the bowel wall. Fats broken down into fatty acids, glycerol, and fat-soluble vitamins are then taken through the bowel wall into the lymph system, while amino acids, sugars, and water-soluble vitamins are taken through the bowel wall into blood capillaries.  If the enzymes hadn't broken down the foods, they couldn't have been taken into the body and used.  All water-soluble vitamins and many minerals and trace elements inside us act as coenzymes or are part of the structure of enzymes, and often you can't separate what the enzyme does from what its trace element and vitamin components do.

Deficiencies of trace elements in the diet can prevent enzymes needing those elements from doing their jobs.  There is a lock and key relationship between an enzyme and the substrate it is altering.  The enzyme key fits the lock in only one substance and no others.  That's how enzymes can be so specific in their activity, targeting only one substance.  This should give you a new appreciation of your body's ability to work toward the level of health you desire, if you do your part.

I would hope this knowledge motivates you to make sure your body has all the nutrients it needs to fulfill all the tasks that build high levels of well being.

The Nervous System: The nervous system consists of the organs that make up the brain the spinal cord, and a network of nerves that spread to every part of the body.  It directs our voluntary actions, regulating the automatic functions of the organism, it is responsible for the relationship we have with our external environment, and is the seat of intellectual activity.  Nerve tissues consists of specialized cells called neurons, which are found in different shapes and sizes but which all have a common structure.  The dendrites are short, treelike branches along which impulses travel from other nerve cells. The axon is a single long extension along which impulses are transmitted to other cells or to the body tissue. The brain is the part of the nervous system that consist of the structures contained in the skull	Touch The skin represents the covering of our bodies.  It is fully equipped with sensory nerves capable of detecting a wide range of external stimuli and providing us with important information concerning the environment around us for this reason, it has plenty of receptors responsible for immediately detecting tactile, thermal (hot and cold), or painful stimuli.
Eyes: Your eyes and ears are two of the hardest communicators to your brain they allow you to reserve and interpret information and interact with it constantly. They are like cameras - they create an image through the pupil and the retina at the back of the eyes. The retinas nerve cells send signals over specific pathways to the brain area. To do this these processing centers (eyes, ears, nose, and mouth) take information from all over your brain processes it into a recognizable form, such as a word or picture and compares it with what you already know.	The Immune system The immune system is responsible for defending the body against the many germs that surround us, which represent a multitude of tiny, and potentially dangerous, foreign elements. To do this, the body depends on the activity of white blood cells, or leukocytes, which are produced by different organs of the body and which travel around it constantly, looking for all kinds of harmful agents.
Smell Smell is a sense that has various functions. It is involved in the digestive process, because the pleasant smell of food stimulates salivary and gastric secretions. It warns us of the presence of toxic gases that smell bad. It provides sensations either pleasurable or disagreeable that affect our emotional life.	Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes are found along the vessels that convey lymph. They consist of a fibrous external capsule from which spread various dividing walls. These separate different sections inside the side, where there is an accumulation of lymphoid tissue that stores lots of white blood cells for defending the organism against foreign bodies. The lymphatic system consists of an intricate network of vessels, called lymphatic ducts. These drain away the liquid that fills the spaces between cells and the minuscule particles present in the liquid. It conveys this liquid, called lymph, toward the circulatory system to incorporate it into the bloodstream.

Respiratory System The respiratory apparatus is responsible for maintaining a constant exchange of gases between the body and the air around it. The pharynx is the tube that starts at the base of the nasal passageways and goes down behind the mouth to the larynx and esophagus. It represents a common opening for air and food therefore; it forms part of both the respiratory and digestive systems. At the point where the pharynx and larynx meet is cartilage in the form of a flap called the epiglottis. During swallowing, this bends backward and covers the entrance to the air passages.